FROM BLACK TO WHITE: DISSECTING PROPGAGNDA IN NUCLEAR EMERGENCIES, FINDING AI-ENABLED DISINFORMATION

Resumen

Our research delves into the impact of disinformation in emergencies (DiE), specifically within the context of nuclear emergency responses, and the dynamics of the political economy behind it. Key questions guiding our investigation include suitable assessment techniques for DiE detection and evaluation and effective governance responses. Our research employs established communications theories of propaganda, emphasizing propaganda analysis as a tool for understanding DiE and developing institutional responses. We examine two nuclear emergency cases—the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) disaster and the occupation of the Zaporozhzhian Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP) in Ukraine—to uncover the disruptive impact of disinformation on emergency communication. Through the categorization of propaganda into black, gray, and white types, we analyze tactics employed in DiE, shedding light on strategic intent, transparency, and veracity. Case studies reveal instances of false narratives propagated by governments and media channels, influencing public perception and exacerbating tensions. While our study has not observed significant AI-enabled DiE, we highlight its use in DiE identification. However, state-led counter-disinformation initiatives face challenges, including jurisdictional issues and calls to protect free expression. We posit the necessity of non-state-led networked governance structures, drawing parallels with successful cybersecurity governance models. These frameworks, informed by interdisciplinary insights and operating independently from states, are primed to address the multifaceted challenges posed by DiE. Addressing participatory, structural, and operational impediments within existing content moderation governance mechanisms emerges as a pivotal imperative for the realization of effective strategies.